5/2 Summary

Key point

• Every digital media technology has an architecture using diagrams to compare pare physical architectures with digital architectures.

What is CSCW?

• CSCW is a generic term, which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services and techniques. For exmaple CAD/CAM,ABB Powerwall, Drug Design.

Winograd and Flores: model of conversation

• Conversations anr sequences of actions because by saying things people are understood to be doing things.

The Conversation for Action

┌"Request" or "Offer"─>"promise"─>Performer┐

│ Conditions of Satisfaction

│ Satisfying commitments of

│ who,what,and when

└"Declare Satisfied"<─"Declare Complete"<─ ┘

Phsical architecture and digital architecture

• For example, The Social Logic of space by Bell Hillier and Julienne Hanson

This book presents a general theory of physical architecture influences social relationships.

What is CyberSpace?

• Cyberspace is a domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures.

Agre's "Surveillance model"

1. Visual metaphors
2. Assumption that watching is non-disruptive
3. Territorial metaphors as in the "invasion of private space."
4. Centralized orchestration by means of a bureaucracy with a unified set of files.
5. Identification with the state and malecolent aims of a specifically political.

Surveillance

• Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security or social control.

Political economy of capture

• "by imoosing a mathematically precise form upon previously unformalized activities, capture standardizes those acticities and their component elements and thereby prepares them for an eventual transition to market-based relationships

4/25 Summary

History of as tools : people

• Vannevar Bush : memex , J.C.R Lincklider : computer networking, agents , Ted nelson : hypertexp and Alan Kay : object-oriented proframming, laptops etc..

History of HCI as tools : systems

• Memex(1945), Apple lisa(1983), WWW(~1994) etc..

History of HCI as tools : funding

• Military : Navy,Air Force, ARPA, DARPA / Universities : MIT, Stanford, CMU, UC/Government : National Science Foundation(1950~now)

Where does HCI meet AI?

• basic design question: should the computer act like a person?

-agents cersus "direct manipulation"

• even "direct-manipulation" interfaces are based on a "conversation" metaphor: the computer responds immediately to each action or command from the "user".

What problem does weizenvaum's ELIZ system address or solve?

• The artificial intelligence answer: it does (or does not) behave like a human and is therefore successful(or not successful)
• The ethnomethodology answer: it is taken to be a like a person in a conversation and thys simply works like most other technologies in a social situation.

Johnstone's "algorithm"

• I Say to an actress, 'Make up a story.' She say "I can't make story". I've thought of one ; 'Yes' to any question that ends in a vowel, 'No' to any question that ends in a consonant, and 'Maybe' to any question that ends with the letter 'Y'. She free 'creative' or 'sensitive'. Story made by me(her), She think that companion made story.

Ethnomethodology

• Ethnomethodology simply means the study of the ways in which people make sense of their social world. Human compose social phenomenon by subjectivity and they are stabilized by oneself.

4/11 Summary

Artificial Intelligence(A.I)

Alan Turing

• Founder of computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker.)and a gay man)
  Alan turing is british, so not acknowledged from america. He studied major in King's College, Cambridge. Then he entered Princeton Univ after year. Also return to cambridge after 2years and invented Enigma cipher machine. He made "sirius computer(Card punching system)" that ahead of ENIAC.

Turing's "imitation game"

• One room exist human, other room exist computer. People unknow human and computer location in room. Then, people ask human and computer question that people thought.So, people
  distinguish human and computer. If he not guess computer, it is A.I.
  

Artificial Intelligence: a definition

• A.I(Artificial intelligence) is the science of making machines do thing that would require intelligence as if done by humans.
  

Planning as a technical problem

• Human can thinking, the other side computer can not thinking. So computer must often update date.

A problem with AI planning

• problem is a fluent. AI perform task in flame. So human must give situation in succession. Consequently, computer do not impromptu, but it do language very well.

ELIZA

• "A computer profram for the study of Natural Language communication between Man and Machine." Communications of the Association for computing machinery.

4/2 Summary

Social Network

Key Points

• New media technologes usually reinforce existing social networks or even work to isolate people.Social network need to reinforce a lot of communication and new media increase contect with friends. New media make communication. so media reinforce social network. But just do not. Because New media isolated alone. He not meet people so always face device(tv, computer etc..).
• When new media technologies facilitate new social networks, they simultaneously challenge existing social, political and economic relationships.

Social network as science: definition

• Relationships provide individuals with opportunities and, at the same time, potential constraints ontheir behavior.

Social networks as popular culture

• Bacon number: definition
• For example Kevin Bacon has a Bacon number of 0. An actor,A, Has a Bacon number of 1 if She/He appeared ina movie with Kevin Bacon. And an actor,B,has a bacon number of 2 if she/he appear in a movie with A.

Social networks as popular culture

• Fixing the networks. The trick is possible because google searches more than jst the contents of web pages.

Data Mining the amazon

• "amazon.com" is very useful webpage. If I find book or CD, Webpage found related book or CD that other people search a lot . Also If I buy CD , other people watch that bought CD by amazon.

3/26 Summary

World-Wide Web

• W3 is global information space that can hold information on internet connected by computer. It is not internet. Web is one of service that like a e-mail on internet.

What is the sated motivation of the research?

• "The WWW was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspcts of a common project."

What problem does this research address?

• Originally the work was to provide a graphical interface to a set of distributed files used in physics project managemaent at CERN.

What funded this research?

• Supported by CERN, DARPA, the European Commission, INRIA etc..

What is the economics of the work?

• The economics of standards

What is the stated genealogy of the technology?

• (Bush's memex; nelson's writings on hypertext; berners-lee's early implementations

Who are the "dramatis personae" of the article?

• Humans, physicists, engineers

Who wrote or influenced the WWW(World-Wide Web) standards?

1. ISO: International Standards Organization

• ISO mediate industrial standard of countries, working in association with international organizations, goverments, industrym business and consuaer representatives.
• It announce 12,000 standards since its foundation.

2. IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

• IETF is group that develop new standard TCP/IP about internet with IESG(Internet Engineering Steering Group)

3. RFC: Request For Comments

• RFC is internet document that working data of internet research and developmet group. It comments offer findation flame and deteil process that embody technology on internet.

4. URI: Universal Resource Identifier

• URIs are "Universal" in that they encode members of the univalsal set of network addresses.

5. HTML: Hypertext Markup Language

• HTML is that language, and much of the fabric of the web is constructed out of it.
• Try[view]-->[source] in your web browser

6. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

• HTTP is a protocol for transferring information with the deficiency necessary for making hypertext jump. Also It is used for retrieving documents in an unbounded and extensible set of formats.

3/21 Summary

Hyper Text

Focus

• One way that digital media has been understood is as new forms of writing, reading and thinking.

What does "Digital media" mean?

• I think "Digital media" that visualize thinking, notion, imagination and communication by video and sound etc..
• People ---(conect)--- Computer
• Accoding to data, "Digital meadia" is the creative convergence of digital arts, science, technology and business for human expression, communication, social interaction and education

About Engelbart

• He invented many things that mouse, windows, e-mail, and word processor. Also he made workstations for netwok and communications for the collaboration between individuals.
• In 1968 he and his team at Stanford Research Institute demonstrated a the Augment/NLS system, a demo that became known as the Mother of all Demos.

He's states problem?

• Better & faster comprehension + Better & faster & more solutions to problems.

He's economiscs?

• Short term

Engelbart's conceptual framework envisioned with using modern technology to give direct aid to an individual in comprehending complec situations. But it made the uses of the system difficult to understand

• Long term

Engelbert->personal computer industry and the products

Summary

Key of points

• Character of media is connect and separate. Example car is medium of distance. Car connect place to place , and separate in and out

As We May Think

About Vannevar Bush?

• He was MIT professor, and science advisor to President F.D. Roosevelt.He invented "differentialanalyzer" and devised imaginary information retrieval machine, The Memex. He lead Manhattan Project.He thought hypertext concept at the first time.
  

*retrieval:The retrieval of information from a computer is the process of getting it back.

What is the Memex?

• Memex is imaginary information machine,constantly ciewed and cited in relation to sudsequent developments in computing, information retrieval.Also Memex was based on Bush's work deceloping an impoced photoelectric microfilm selector,an electronic retrieval technology pioneered by Emanuel Goldberg.Memex is idea that like the hypertext in old time.